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Restoration Project Guides

• Rear Strut-Stuffing

  Doing a little research will help determine if you can replace your own rear struts. Here are some preliminaries to consider: ... Read More

• Auto Wiring and Weatherpack-Style Connectors

  Look under the hood of any late model car or light truck and take a good look at the electrical harness. You’ll regularly find a series of unique connectors used to join various sub-harnesses to the m... Read More

• Engine Assembly, Part 4: The Camshaft

  In our last segment of the engine build series, we completed the installation of the reciprocating components. This time around, we’ll install the camshaft and degree it. It sounds very racy and techn... Read More

• Engine Assembly, Part 3: Fitting Rods and Pistons

  The last time around, we took a detailed look at checking bearing clearances for both the rod and the main bearings, checking the thrust dimension, installing the crankshaft and torquing the main caps... Read More

• In-Tank Fuel Pumps for Injected Cars

  Lots of folks fear swapping the fuel pump on injected cars. First thing they see when looking at the manual, or inspecting the setup, is that the pump is submerged in the fuel tank. This is done becau... Read More

• Modernizing an Older Transmission with a Gear Splitter

  Anybody who’s ever driven a vintage vehicle has probably experienced the following problem: You’d like to settle into a nice cruise down the highway, but the low rear-end ratio, while ensuring a quick... Read More

• New-Tech E-ROD Shelby Cobra

  Check out the new E-ROD engine package from GM Performance Parts. Installed in a Superformance Cobra replica (a company that also produces Shelby American’s Component Cobras as well), this 6.2-liter L... Read More

• Paint Flake Fortitude

  A rock aimed at your otherwise flawless paint job knocks off a small paint chip. This is not a disaster—just apply an ounce of elbow grease, a dash of knowledge and finesse, along with the... Read More

• Leaf Spring Resto

  Everything tends to get saggy with old age, some things need repairs while others need replacement. Leaf springs, fortunately, can be repaired rather than replaced. This common type of suspension is... Read More

• Fiberglass Resto

  When hunting for a resto project, great finds can usually be had at swap meets or from ads in newspapers. It's not uncommon to find a project car that someone decided was too difficult to restore or... Read More

• All Choked Up

  Every problem is an opportunity, they say, but the best way of dealing with the problem of a faulty automatic choke is to take the opportunity to throw it in the bin. If you run an older car, you may... Read More

• Carburetor Classics: The Humble SU

  Ask many former owners of 1960s British sports cars about problem areas on their steeds, and they will likely digress into horror stories concerning the dreaded SU carburetors. In most cases though,... Read More

• Carburetor Classics: The Notorious Stromberg 97

  From the dawn of hot rodding to the present day, one carburetor has always been synonymous with traditional hot rods—the Stromberg Model 97. Although the Stromberg Company built millions of... Read More

• Mounting Pre-painted Fenders

  When it comes to bringing an old classic car back from years of wear and tear there is nothing more satisfying than laying down fresh paint. A glass-smooth layer of deep, candy red, metal-flake blue,... Read More

• Emblem Installation

  While the glory days of the American musclecar have come and gone, the legend will live on forever thanks to those who preserve it through the restoration and preservation of classic performance... Read More

• Rust Never Sleeps

  It starts with a benign-looking bubble and grows, like the malignancy it is, into a metallic carnivore with the potential to consume a Hummer and then go looking for dessert. It's rust, the bane of... Read More

• Carburetor Classics: The Racy Rochesters

  Rochester Products Division (RPD) of General Motors has built millions of carburetors over the years, but only a few have been popular with high-performance fans. The 2G series (in 3X2 setups), the... Read More

• Exhaust System Insulation

  It can get pretty warm under the hood of a car. The engine gets plenty hot, and the radiator gives off heat as well. If you have performance equipment like a supercharger or a turbo, you're in for... Read More

• Carburetor Classics: The Hailed Holley 4150

  Although Holley has churned out millions of carburetors to fit everything from the Ford Model T to DC-3 airliners, the one that became a hot rod legend and has been installed on untold numbers of... Read More

• Emission-Carb Rebuild

  Some 1980s emissions carburetors are horribly complicated, and require a bit of head scratching to sort out all the widgets. Fortunately, most of the rebuild job is a tabletop affair; although, it's... Read More

• Steering Wheel Install

  Here is a great way to update an older car's interior for a small amount of money in a short amount of time. A new steering wheel is fairly easy to install and doesn't require a lot of expensive... Read More

• Ragtop Resto

  There's nothing, I repeat, nothing cooler than cruisin' in a convertible coupe—top down, wind blowing your hair, sun burning your nose, and sippin' a cold soda. Ah, the memories!... Read More

• Handling Hot Hues

  Ask any rod, custom or show car builder what their toughest decision was during the buildup, and the answer is likely to involve the paint job. Not only are there thousands of colors, there are also... Read More

• This Old Horse: Fuel Pressure Gauge

  Basic law of hot-rodding: the more you choose to modify, the more you have to modify. Build a 400-horse EFI 302 and you're going to need to update the five-speed, the radiator, the clutch, the diff,... Read More

• Custom Cooling

  Hot rods, racecars and customized vehicles frequently require extended hose runs to hook the cooling system components together. Often the engine is set farther back, well away from the radiator, or... Read More

• Aluminum Paneling

  Aluminum paneling is a great way to dress up the underside of your vehicle's hood and fenders. It also looks good in the trunk or on the firewall. It can be polished for a bright shine, or rubbed... Read More

• Cruising the Strip

  Ever try to tighten up a bolt and it just won't? Or maybe you are putting the final torque on one and suddenly it gives way to being loose again. Whatever the situation, it is almost always... Read More

• The Pleasure of Pinstripes

  If you think of your unadorned vehicle as an empty canvas, then this is the article for you. Even though pinstriping and car graphics rose to new heights with hot rods, customs and lowriders, the... Read More

• Trunk Latch Replacement

  On resto projects, it's the little things that can make a big difference. For instance, by paying close attention to the details, a custom trunk latch and license plate frame can really set off a... Read More

• Shifty Business

  A quick way to improve your car's acceleration without modifying your engine is to add a shift kit to your automatic transmission. This upgrade makes for a crisper, more precise response when... Read More

• Upholstery Restoration and Trends

  In days gone by, one would only consider a re-upholstery of one's vehicle if the fabric were truly beyond repair (or reproach). Car seats, regrettably, are not like one's denim pants that can... Read More

• Pedals to the Metal

  A number of street rod companies offer fiberglass bodies and kits at various levels of completion. Many of the bare-bones basic kits don't come with all the parts needed to complete the car. That's... Read More

• Carb-e Diem

  It's pretty common for those of us building project cars to wind up rebuilding a used engine as well. And many of the engines come with a Holly four-barrel carburetor, so it pays to know how to work... Read More

• What's Your Angle?

  In another article on fabrication, we studied the benefits of manufacturing parts for vehicles that could not be obtained, did not fit our purpose or were easier to make than to track down and buy.... Read More

• Wipe Out!

  As street rods and other project cars have improved in quality, they are now being used as daily drivers or for long-distance travel, instead of simply for sunny-day shows, club events, parades or... Read More

• Heat's On!

  Maybe it's because we're spoiled from driving our comfortable and reliable late-model vehicles, but it would be nice to have some of the creature comforts in our older, restoration project cars as... Read More

• Pretty Pointless

  Over the years manufacturers have made a number of changes to the basic internal combustion engine. One of the most important advancements by far was doing away with the contact points and going to... Read More

• Automotive Sound Dampening

  One of the most satisfying achievements for any car or truck owner is the act of finding and silencing the rattles, squeaks, drones and clunks that seem to emanate from the auto around you. They... Read More

• Strip Ease

  A 100-year storm rages, yet you're cruising down the highway in relative calm, sealed tightly in your vehicle from the whistling wind and sheets of rain. Your comfort is courtesy of yards of weather... Read More

• Decongestion

  Nearly every performance car guy has made an intake swap in the quest for better breathing and improved performance. The problem is that after spending a couple of hours making the swap, sometimes... Read More

• Restoring a Classic Suspension

  In the last article (Keeping You In Suspension) we discussed how to improve the deteriorating handling characteristics of an aging car. Let's start out by summing up what the repairs and restoration... Read More

• Awesome Anodizing

  Anyone who has peered into the engine compartment of a racecar has seen anodized parts gleaming in a variety of colors. Unlike chrome or gold plating, which are used on ferrous metals like steel,... Read More

• Keeping You in Suspension

  It was love at first sight, the sleek lines, the shiny paint. Underneath the hood sat a powerful engine, and the interior fit you like a comfortable pair of three-year old sneakers. And when you... Read More

• Jewels in the Junkyard, Part 3

  In the first two installments of this series we talked about finding yards that have the parts enthusiasts are looking for, and how to conduct your salvage yard search. Now let's talk about... Read More

• Jewels in the Junkyard, Part 2

  In our first installment, we focused on the virtues of scrounging through a salvage yard for resto parts. Digging for automotive treasure in a junkyard can be rewarding and fun, as long as you can... Read More

• Jewels in the Junkyard, Part I

  Hunting parts in salvage yards is part of the fun of restoring or rebuilding older, classic cars. The thrill of finding that perfect part, the one the dealers have been out of since 1958, provides a... Read More

• Bright Ideas

  Almost every restoration project requires re-plating various parts. Cars and trucks built from the 1950s to the 1970s featured bright, flashy chrome plating on interior and exterior trim, giving... Read More

• Rod Talk

  You're hanging out at your favorite speed shop or resto barn, and you hear the staff bandy about an expression such as, "chopped and channeled, shaved and decked." You can't find this sort of slang... Read More

• High-Carb Diet

  So why should we care about a low-tech item that no one uses anymore? Well, one reason is that there are a lot of cars running today that still use this old technology. Most collectible and resto... Read More

• High-Performance Ignition Upgrade

  Let's admit it. Nearly anyone who can identify their tools by name can install aftermarket parts on their vehicle. Be it an intake, an ignition system, or something as simple as plug wires, it really... Read More

• Chassis Stiffening

  The old truism that appearances can be deceiving is especially true when it comes to restoring an older automobile. That classic car that looks so nice may not be all that nice to drive anymore, even... Read More

• Stripping Your Frame

  When restoring an older car, you may find the frame has a nasty coating of rust and peeling paint. Sandblasting can strip bare corroded metal for less than the cost of chemical dipping, and with less... Read More

• Single Wire Ignition Upgrade

  If your classic GM V8 is throwing a spark across a set of points, then you've either become proficient at adjusting and replacing those points or have paid out a fortune over the years to a mechanic... Read More

• 1967 Firebird Handling Upgrades

  The quickest way between two points is a straight line or, one might say, as the crow flies. It seems that just about every 1st generation Firebird has been set up to do just that—fly straight... Read More

• Suspension Installation

  Our subject '67 Verdoro Green Firebird is a numbers-matching 400 car with 83,000 original miles. The car was cosmetically restored in the early '90s and retains its original interior and drivetrain. ... Read More

• Steering Joint Upgrade

  Wear on your steering system may not show up all at once. You just adapt to it until one day you realize you've got a whole lot of play in the steering wheel; or, worse yet, too much play in the... Read More

• Color-Sanding and Buffing

  Paint isn't what it used to be, which is both good and bad. The old lacquer type emitted unwanted fumes. Today's two-part urethane is cleaner and healthier, but getting the same level of shine takes... Read More

• Repainting an Old Musclecar, Part 2

  In our first story about restoring a 1965 Pontiac GTO, we told about the project in general and then looked at the suspension upgrades and body prep. In this second article, we'll focus on the actual... Read More

• Repainting an Old Musclecar

  Pontiac's GTO is enjoying a resurgence in interest of late, in part due to a cameo appearance as actor Vin Diesel's hot ride in the action movie "Triple X." Of course, musclecar enthusiasts have long... Read More

• Musclecar Ashtray Restoration

  Whether you're a cigarette smoker or not, chances are you wouldn't smoke in your classic musclecar. The idea of lighting up and placing a cigarette anywhere near those new seats or carpet is more... Read More

• Early GM Alternator Resto

  The alternator in your car is often the Rodney Dangerfield of the engine compartment. While we spend untold hours detailing the carburetor, air cleaner, manifolds, wiring etc., we generally just wait... Read More

• Somebody Stop Me

  Decades before Jim Carrey's now famous "Somebody stop me" line was uttered in the comic movie "The Mask," many drivers were probably thinking the same thing when braking their early Pontiac... Read More

• Trunk Compartment Restoration

  Your car trunk is like a basement—it's a place to throw stuff! Mostly stuff you don't care to see again for a while. That is unless you have a flat and have to unload all that stuff to change... Read More

• Taillight Housing Resto

  Safety should always be the primary concern while driving your car, particularly at night. Bright, functional turn signals and taillights play a key role in that safety. Especially with older muscle... Read More

• Engine Rebuilding: The Camshaft

  In spite of all the talk these days about engine management of the electronic kind, the camshaft is still calling most of the shots. Virtually every parameter such as peak torque, a usable power... Read More

• Carburetor Refinishing

  You may have been rebuilding your own carburetors for years, and while they may function perfectly, they just don't have the look of a new or professionally refinished carb. Now, thanks to some... Read More

• Engine Rebuilding: Cylinder Heads

  Most engine rebuilds for restoration projects fall short when it comes to cylinder head preparation. That's okay if you don't plan to put on many miles and peak engine performance is not important.... Read More

• Thread Repairs 101

  With all of the reproduction parts available, vehicle restoration has become an R&R (remove and replace) operation. By contrast, old-time restorers of rare and early vehicles have always restored... Read More

• Steering Wheel R&R

  Although I've worked on cars for more than 35 years, I've never removed a steering wheel—not that I shouldn't have. Some of the cars I've owned have had horns that didn't blow and signal lights... Read More

• Speedometer Replacement

  Until the introduction of electronic instrumentation, most auto speedometers were cable driven. The drive cable has a square end and threaded bezel that simply inserts into a fitting in the back of... Read More

• Engine Rebuilding: Rods & Pistons

  Think about it: At 6,000 rpm, a piston accelerates, comes to a complete stop, and repeats the cycle more than a 100 times per second! We're not talking about an electrical process here where a sensor... Read More

• Restoring Your Original Bumper Jack

  Like most restoration endeavors, addressing the little details makes a huge difference in the finished product. The bumper jack supplied with your GM car is usually an overlooked item in an... Read More

• Reviving Original Emblems

  If you're into parts originality for your restoration, then saving vintage badges and emblems is important to you. Many suppliers are now manufacturing reproduction items, but most don't carry those... Read More

• A/C Housing Repair

  A big part of auto restoration is deciding which parts to restore and which parts to replace. If you have a very original numbers-matching vehicle, it makes sense to redo as many of the original... Read More

• Rekindling Side Marker Lights

  While the restoration parts industry is booming for Chevy parts, the other three GM brands (Buick, Olds and Pontiac) sometimes suffer due to the small number of vehicles originally manufactured.... Read More

• Fuel & Brake Line Installation

  The 1964-72 GM Chevelle, GTO, Skylark (GS) and Cutlass (4-4-2) A-body vehicles contain basically the same undercarriage. The early versions had the fuel and brake lines running down the driver's... Read More

• Window Installation

  To correctly paint your vehicle, the window glass should be removed. Unfortunately removal can sometimes be a lot easier than reinstallation. Here's a quick overview of the glass installation... Read More

• Paint Stripping Refined

  Paint jobs have become one of the largest expenses of restoring a car. A quality total repaint, including jambs and all the areas necessary for a color change, starts at $5,000—and goes up from... Read More

• Paint Chip Repair

  Despite the technological advances in paint over the last hundred years, an automobile's exterior comes under heavy assault the instant the car rolls off the production line. Door dings, bird... Read More

• Restoration Rubber

  Reproduction tires might be required for a concours restoration, but there is a price to pay for originality. The tire technology of the Fifties and Sixties leaves a lot to be desired when compared... Read More

• Rust Resto

  Considering just how popular the '32 Ford is for various resto and hot rod projects, it's no surprise that original tin, if you can find it, usually needs a lot of rust repair. Due to the puddling of... Read More

• Upgrading Your Bushings

  We all know what it's like to suffer from sore joints. Even if you're in good physical condition, without enough cushioning between your bones, ordinary motions can be difficult. Now, apply that same... Read More

• Speedometer Cable Replacement

  If your speedometer has been acting weird—the needle jerking wildly or not moving at all—chances are that its cable is bad. Like most other automobile parts, speedo cables eventually wear... Read More

• GM Rear-End Rigidity

  From 1964-67, GM offered a rear suspension-bracket package (#9777613) for their A-body muscle cars. This kit was specifically designed for cars equipped with the four-speed transmission option, but... Read More

• Air Cleaner Restoration

  We've been restoring a '69 Buick GS 400 convertible piece-by-piece while we continue to drive and enjoy the car. Whether you are doing a full frame-off or attacking your resto one piece at a time,... Read More

• Changing Your Speedo Gear

  Improving the overall performance of your favorite ride by changing rear-end gears is common, but it's not the only gear change required. Inside the tail housing of your manual or automatic... Read More

• Polishing Stainless Steel Trim

  ... Read More

• Swapping Rear-End Gears

  In early September 1964, a southern Californian who loved the styling of the new 1965 GTO checked all the right boxes on the dealer order form except one: the rear gearing. This musclecar was... Read More

• Replacing Coil Springs

  Just as gravity makes the human body sag over time, it can also cause our cars to droop. More specifically, routine wear and tear causes metal parts to fatigue; and, suspension components eventually... Read More

• Courtesy-Lamp Lens Replacement

  In the Fifties and Sixties, GM installed small opaque-white plastic lenses in convertible rear-armrest courtesy lights. These lenses have a tendency to yellow from heat and age, and many times crack... Read More

• GM Window Glass Decoding

  Keeping a collector car as original as possible is very important to many enthusiasts. They search for the correct date-coded parts with the correct casting codes, etc. For the extreme stickler for... Read More

• Exhaust Hanger Replacement

  Most General Motors musclecar exhaust systems are secured to the underside of the vehicle with exhaust hangers. These metal brackets are attached to pieces of rubber, which flex and allow the pipe to... Read More

• Drum Brake Restoration

  Many restorers can only dream of taking their vehicle off the road to do a total ground-up restoration. For most it's too large a commitment of money, time and, quite frankly, the garage space to do... Read More

• Chrome Job

  No resto project is complete without a really righteous chrome job. When done right, it turns a dingy classic into a gleaming triumph. If you hit it wrong, though, the effect can be like a glamorous... Read More

• Chassis Resto/Mods

  For certain rare cars, restoring the components exactly to original is essential to preserving the vehicle's value. For most car enthusiasts, however, modernizing a restoration project makes a lot... Read More

• How to Make Trim Pieces

  In restoring an older project car, one of the most maddening obstacles is replacing a worn-out piece of body trim. If you try to buy a replacement part, you'll probably find it's been out of... Read More

• Wiring Harness Resto

  Most older domestic cars have two wiring harnesses: one for the headlights, taillights, and interior and another for the engine compartment. Over the years the wiring becomes dry and brittle due to... Read More

• Manual and Electric Trunk Access

  Sometime in the early Sixties a Detroit whiz kid came up with the idea of offering a remote trunk opening gizmo—a device that would allow you to unlatch the trunk without getting out of the car.... Read More

• Radiator Caps Resto

  One of the earliest pioneers of engine cooling was Carl Benz who, in the mid-1880s, devised what is called the Thermo-Siphoning system of cooling. No water pump was used, as the system utilized the... Read More

• Correct Date-Coded Plug Wires

  You can have an 800-horsepower engine, but without the spark to fire it off, it's just another chunk of inanimate metal. Obviously, plug wires are an integral part of your ignition system but they... Read More

• Anatomy of a Tri-Power

  If four-barrel carbs were good, then six barrels should be better! That was the thinking of automotive performance gurus in the late Fifties and Sixties. Manufacturers such as Pontiac, Chrysler,... Read More

• Engine Compartment Detailing

  Many times during an engine rebuild the attention is only on the motor and not on where it lives. While the powerplant is on the engine stand, you have a golden opportunity to renovate areas you... Read More

• Plastic Grille Repair

  During the late Sixties, most domestic car manufacturers started using ABS plastic for many body parts. There were several reasons for this, the most blatant of which was cost. Why are you not... Read More

• Battery Tray Restoration

  Every vehicle has a battery tray of some kind. That heavy power source is usually secured to the tray with bolts, preventing it from shifting or falling over. The inherent problem with these trays is... Read More

• Control-Arm Bushing Replacement

  The rear upper and lower control arms on the 1964-72 GM A-body vehicles (Chevelle, GTO, 4-4-2, Buick GS) not only provide suspension travel but also secure the rear end to the vehicle. Each control... Read More

• Sandpaper Tech

  Selecting the correct sandpaper grit for the job not only makes the work go easier, it produces a better finished product. Sandpaper has a literally a million uses, but we're concentrating here on... Read More

• Easy Metal Cleaning

  Internal engine parts that are constantly exposed to hot oil develop a burned-on brown patina during years of use. Trying to clean this coating with solvent is useless—the surface remains hard... Read More

• Plastic Taillight Lens Repair

  Classic and collector-car light lenses are often damaged over the years by rocks or other road debris. Small holes or chips can be easily repaired instead of having to replace the entire lens. In... Read More

• GM Gas Tank Replacement

  Few of us ever dwell on the fuel we use to power our favorite ride. Except for price fluctuations and an occasional gas shortage, we pump and go. After all, the receptacle that holds that precious... Read More

• Upgrading Torque Converters

  If your vehicle is pre-'90s and has an automatic transmission, chances are it could really benefit from a modern performance torque converter. In its quest for more efficiency and performance, the... Read More

• Engine Rebuilding: The Preparation

  Rebuilding the engine in your restoration project is a big commitment of time, energy and money. It can also be one of the most satisfying parts of the restoration process. Nothing beats knowing that... Read More

• Engine Rebuilding: The Crankshaft

  In Engine Rebuilding: The Preparation, we discussed various ways to rebuild your engine and how to find a competent machine shop to help you in the process. Part 2 will deal with the first step in... Read More

• Compression Check-Up

  At some point in the restoration process, the engine will come into question—to rebuild or not to rebuild. An engine rebuild is a lot of work, and to do it right costs a lot of money. You... Read More

• Modern Tires for Vintage Vehicles

  The average motorist is generally satisfied with any tire that holds air and isn't bald. However, recent tire-related deaths and ensuing recalls made front page and prime time news, raising... Read More

• Exhaust Manifold Restoration

  For years restorers were at a loss about what to do with cast-iron exhaust manifolds. A few restorers of large, expensive classic cars would send their manifolds out to be coated with porcelain.... Read More

• Pro Resto Tips

  Executing a complete restoration of a classic car involves several major stages. Most of these—paint and bodywork, major mechanical and the like—can be left to the professionals, but with... Read More

• Quadra-Jet Restoration And Modification

  Most people, even gearheads, would rather fly a copper kite in an electrical storm than tackle the innards of their carburetor. Not to worry. There are alternatives to doing it yourself. Not only can... Read More

• Exotic Stalker

  For those with a taste for the unique, merely purchasing a limited-production exotic car is not rarified enough. Just ask Jim Michaud about his latest piece of rolling art, the Stalker. This project... Read More

• Porsche or Pretender?

  Critics chatter endlessly about art imitating life, and vice versa, but how do they view an imitation that's even more popular than the authentic item? The Beck Spyder is one of those rare examples... Read More

• Muscle Car Rewiring

  Muscle cars' popularity never wanes. But as the Sixties become more distant, the high-horsepower cars produced in that era continue to deteriorate. Hot rodders are forever updating and upgrading... Read More

• Camaro Cherry-Picking

  Owning a 1993-2002 LT1-powered Camaro or Firebird is a beautiful thing. Working on the engine isn't always. The wiring, plumbing and fuel-delivery systems are straightforward enough. The major... Read More

• Crate Engine Carburetor

  Chevy's ZZ 350 crate motor is a hot-outta-da-box setup for anyone building a hot rod, street machine or even a custom truck. This brand spankin' new small-block is capable of producing about 345... Read More

• Mini-Tubbing

  A production car with a stock body never has large enough rear wheelwells for a performance enthusiast. There just isn't any room for fitting wider tires. To make room for some fat meats, you'll have... Read More

• Motorcraft Carb Rebuild

  The Motorcraft 2100-D two-barrel carburetor was ubiquitous on Ford small-block V-8s throughout the Sixties. Appearing as early as 1957 in Ford and Mercury cars (including Edsels), the 2100-D later... Read More

• Mustang Chassis Upgrades

  Owners of late-'60s and early-'70s Mustangs know all too well both the bright spots and blemishes of these highly popular sports cars. They're strong on styling, speed and affordability. However,... Read More

• Classic Master Cylinder Rebuild

  There is no black magic involved in rebuilding a master cylinder. They are simple hydraulic pumps and come in single- and dual-chamber configurations. Many Detroit vehicles equipped with manual or... Read More